Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center Research

Unless the European Union-led energy transition provides economic development to Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, the process may be perceived as a new form of extraction.

Without structural reform, the organization, which is racked by internal rivalries, risks sliding into irrelevance.

The countries of the region have engaged in sustained competition that has tested their capacities and limitations, while resisting domination by rivals. Can a more stable order emerge from this maelstrom, and what would it require?